Neurophysiologic processes underlie the uncontrolled, compulsive behaviors defining the
addicted state. These “hard-wired” changes in the brain are considered critical for the …

Addictive drugs have in common that they are voluntarily self-administered by laboratory
animals (usually avidly), and that they enhance the functioning of the reward circuitry of the …

OBJECTIVE: A primary behavioral pathology in drug addiction is the overpowering
motivational strength and decreased ability to control the desire to obtain drugs. In this …

Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as
rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that …

Drug addiction can be defined by a compulsion to seek and take drug, loss of control in
limiting intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is …

The progression from recreational drug use to drug addiction impacts multiple
neurobiological processes and can be conceptualized as a transition from positive to …

Compulsive drug intake is a hallmark of addiction, yet a mechanistic understanding of this
process has been elusive. Drug use is initiated primarily to obtain the excitatory actions of …

Drug addiction or substance-use disorder is a chronically relapsing disorder that progresses
through binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect and preoccupation/anticipation …

Modern neuroscience has greatly increased our understanding of the phenomenology of
addiction. Using animal models as well as human brain imaging studies and clinical …

Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by (1)
compulsion to seek and take the drug,(2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence …