Rationale Epidemiological evidence of early adolescent tobacco use, prior to that of
marijuana and other illicit drugs, has led to the hypothesis that nicotine is a “gateway” drug …

Alcohol has been reported to modulate the reinforcing and aversive properties of cocaine.
Given these effects, the present study examined whether this interaction could be extended …

Cocaine addiction is a significant and complex disease. Part of this complexity is caused by
the variability of the drug experience early in drug use (initial responsiveness, amount of …

To explore sex differences in reinstatement of conditioned place preference, we subjected
intact male and female Long Evans rats to an extended conditioned place preference (CPP) …

Fully mature mice exposed to low levels of nicotine during periadolescence exhibited
reductions in the rewarding and subjective effects of cocaine. These results provide …

The identification of behavioral traits that could predict an individual's susceptibility to
engage in cocaine addiction is relevant for understanding and preventing this disorder, but …

In the first experiment, the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm was used to
examine the rewarding properties of bilateral microinfusions of cocaine HCl into the nucleus …

Studies of adolescent drug use show (1) a pattern in which the use of tobacco precedes the
use of other drugs and (2) a positive relationship between adolescent tobacco use and later …

Several recent reports have demonstrated sex differences in the behavioral and
neurochemical response to cocaine. However, it is not clear whether differences exist in …

We have previously shown that following extended access to cocaine, females, but not
males, show marked increases in motivation to obtain cocaine, and we have hypothesized …