Drug use and abuse are complex issues in that the basis of each may involve different
determinants and consequences, and the transition from one to the other may be equally …

Drug addiction presents as a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by persistent drug‐
seeking and drug‐taking behaviours. Given the significant detrimental effects of this disease …

Neurophysiologic processes underlie the uncontrolled, compulsive behaviors defining the
addicted state. These “hard-wired” changes in the brain are considered critical for the …

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning describes a phenomenon wherein an animal
learns to avoid consumption of a particular taste or food following its pairing with an aversive …

Drug addiction manifests as a compulsive drive to take a drug despite serious adverse
consequences. This aberrant behaviour has traditionally been viewed as bad'choices' that …

Drugs of abuse are typically discussed in terms of their rewarding effects and how these
effects mediate drug taking. However, these drugs produce aversive effects that could have …

Drugs of abuse have been reported to produce both rewarding and aversive effects, as
evidenced by their ability to induce both conditioned place preferences (CPPs) and …

Drug addiction, also known as substance dependence, is a chronically relapsing disorder
characterized by (1) compulsion to seek and take the drug,(2) loss of control in limiting …

Aims Addiction has been conceptualized as a shift from controlled experimentation to
uncontrolled, compulsive patterns of use. Current neurobiological models of addiction …

Drug addiction includes complex neurobiological and behavioural processes. Acute
reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse are responsible for the initiation of drug addiction …