Since the first experimental demonstration that a drug of abuse supports instrumental
behavior, drugs have been discussed in the context of their rewarding effects, which are …

Human beings have used psychoactive substances for thousands of years for spiritual,
medicinal, and recreational purposes (Merlin, 2003). Such substances affect …

Research on the neuroscience of substance use disorders (SUDs) has started to shed light
on the ways in which chronic drug abuse changes the brain to cause the profound …

Research on drug abuse has recently focused on understanding the vulnerability to develop
addiction that is present in certain individuals. These investigations suggest that addiction …

Aims The purpose of this review is to provide a synthesis of our knowledge of the
neurobiological bases of addiction relevant for the diagnosis of addiction. Methods A …

This paper reviews recent developments in the neurocircuitry and neurobiology of addiction
from a perspective of allostasis. A model is proposed for brain changes that occur during the …

Based on brain imaging findings, we present a model according to which addiction emerges
as an imbalance in the information processing and integration among various brain circuits …

Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by (1)
compulsion to seek and take the drug,(2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence …

Susceptibility to addictive behaviors has been related to both increases and decreases in
striatal function. Both profiles have been reported in humans as well as in animal models …

What is the defining property of addiction? We dust off a several-decades-long debate about
the relative importance of two forms of reinforcement—positive reinforcement, subjectively …