Human tissues, both in health and disease, are exquisitely organized into complex three-
dimensional architectures that inform tissue function. In biomedical research, specifically in …

High-fidelity in vitro tumor models are important for preclinical drug discovery processes.
Currently, the most commonly used model for in vitro drug testing remains the two …

The current drug development pipeline takes approximately fifteen years and $2.6 billion to
get a new drug to market. Typically, drugs are tested on two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures …

Many drugs show promising results in laboratory research but eventually fail clinical trials.
We hypothesize that one main reason for this translational gap is that current cancer models …

Highlights•Bioprinting can be used to fabricate organ-on-a-chip models owing to its ability to
print multiple materials and cell types simultaneously with good spatial resolution and …

Studying biological characteristics of tumors and evaluating the treatment effects require
appropriate in vitro tumor models. However, the occurrence, progression, and migration of …

The field of microfluidics-based three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system is rapidly
progressing from academic proof-of-concept studies to valid solutions to real-world …

The rising global incidence of cancer and high attrition rates of anticancer drugs make it
imperative to design novel screening platforms to increase the success rate of …

Advanced in vitro systems such as multicellular spheroids and lab‐on‐a‐chip devices have
been developed, but often fall short in reproducing the tissue scale and self‐organization of …

Cancer treatment resistance is a caused by presence of various types of cells and
heterogeneity within the tumor. Tumor cell–cell and cell-microenvironment interactions play …