The in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is a component of most test batteries used in
assessing potential genotoxicity. Our previous study adapted metabolically competent …

The micronucleus (MN) assay is a core test used to evaluate genotoxic potential of
xenobiotics. The traditional in vitro MN assay is usually conducted in cells lacking metabolic …

Background Modern testing paradigms seek to apply human-relevant cell culture models
and integrate data from multiple test systems to accurately inform potential hazards and …

N-nitrosamine impurities have been increasingly detected in human drugs. This is a safety
concern as many nitrosamines are mutagenic in bacteria and carcinogenic in rodent …

Following advancements in the field of genotoxicology, it has become widely accepted that
3D models are not only more physiologically relevant but also have the capacity to elucidate …

Genetic toxicity information is critical for the safety assessment of all xenobiotics. In the
absence of carcinogenicity data, genetic toxicity studies may be used to draw conclusions …

The liver's role in metabolism of chemicals makes it an appropriate tissue for toxicity testing.
Current testing protocols, such as animal testing and two-dimensional liver cell systems …

Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems are increasingly being used for genotoxicity studies
due to improved cell-to-cell interactions and tissue-like structures that are limited or lacking …

In vitro genotoxicity testing that employs metabolically active human cells may be better
suited for evaluating human in vivo genotoxicity than current bacterial or non-metabolically …

Toxicology is facing a major change in the way toxicity testing is conducted by moving away
from animal experimentation towards animal-free methods. To improve the in vitro …