… Bronchodilators administered by pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDI) via valved
holding chambers (VHC) are clinically at least as effective as nebulizers [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Although …

… , inhalation devices such as spacers and valved holding … muscarinic antagonists, β-agonists,
and inhaled corticosteroids (… metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), and soft mist inhalers (SMIs). …

The purpose of this review is to summarize essential pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and
clinical aspects in the field of orally inhaled therapies that may help scientists seeking to …

… inhalation can be optimized using pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDI) with or without
spacers or valved holding chambers … , dry-power inhalers, soft mist inhalers, and nebulizers. …

… , built the first pressurised metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) device … a nebuliser in controlling an
acute exacerbation of asthma. … to open the valve of the valved holding chamber in the spacer. …

… ED, including metered dose inhalers (MDI), jet nebulizers (JN… with a handheld valved
holding chamber adapter (Ultra, … and slower onset of action than β-agonists, inhaled short-acting …

… such as isoproterenol are selective β-agonists, equally potent for the β1… 2 years and the use
of metereddose inhalers (MDIs) in children … A nebulizer or valved holding chamber fitted with …

… Β-agonists through metered-dose inhaler with valved holding chamber versus nebulizer
for acute exacerbation of wheezing or asthma in children under 5 years of age: A systematic …

… and aerosolized short-acting β-agonists (SABAs). While short-… via nebulizers or pressurized
metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) … Although pMDIs with valved holding chambers have been …

… metered dose inhaler (pMDIs) and nebulizers have been adapted for clinical use during …
Valved holding chambers usually contain a one-way valve in the mouthpiece. They can reduce …