… to delay insect pest resistance to Bt crops (112). The refuges are generally structured, ie, the
farmers are mandated to plant a … pests adjacent to the Bt-expressing IRGE crop (37, 58). The …

… of field-evolved insect resistance to Bt crops. We classify 73 published cases of resistance …
, review the evolutionary principles underlying resistance management, dispel some common …

… Fitness costs of resistance refers to a reduced fitness (eg delayed development, higher
mortality, lower reproduction) of RR or RS individuals relative to SS individuals in the absence of …

… pave the way for development of insect resistant crops by delaying the phenonmenon of …
However, before the commercialization of an insect pest resistant transgenic crop variety, it is …

… Early detection of pest resistance prior to significant crop damage would benefit the … a three-
to four-day delay and will update daily once available. Due to ths delay, usage data will not …

… Thus, for a sustainable use of Bt-transgenic plants, efforts have to be taken to delay the
development of … Surge in insect resistance to transgenic crops and prospects for sustainability. …

… Insect resistance management (IRM)—efforts to delay the evolution of … sustainability exist
for deployment of insect-resistant genetically engineered crops, many examples document …

… content in the midgut, delayed development, and reduced … to produce insect-resistance
transgenic plants was initiated … achievement in relation to insect pest resistance, majorly in corn …

… By far the greatest research effort in developing pest-resistant transgenic crops has gone …
to overcome insect pest resistance by merging RNAi to Bt may considerably delay resistance, …

… Insect resistance management strategies and challenges The management of insect resistance
evolution to both insecticides and Bt crops … effective for delaying pest resistance when …