… are potentially responsible for the anti-atherogenic actions of DGLA. Unfortunately, the
effects of PGE1 and 15S-HETrE on key atherosclerosis-associated processes are poorly …

… are induced by Th1 cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), the … M4 macrophages is not
clearly pro- or anti-atherogenic, but is … atherosclerotic disease in human carotid atherosclerotic …

… of atherosclerosis [156, 157]. CD8+ T cells exert both pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic …
In the different stages of atherosclerosis, IL-6 has been shown to play either a pro- or anti-…

… According to their pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype and … helper 1 (Th1) lymphocytes, such
as interferon γ (IFNγ), interleukin-1β (IL… The list of potentially anti-atherogenic micronutrients …

… Depending on co-stimulatory or -inhibitory signaling, and pro- or … in atherosclerosis
remains unclear, other Th2-related cytokines, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33 appear to exhibit anti-atherogenic …

… pro- or anti-inflammatory potential of different dietary fats contributes to atherogenic or
anti-atherogenic … DHA, reduced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels without any change in lipid profile [175]. …

… However, the comprehensive actions and effects of all cytokines implicated in atherosclerosis
still requires elucidation, with some cytokines not being strictly pro- or anti-atherogenic (…

… disease, especially by secreting interferon γ (IFNγ), which acts … anti-inflammatory/anti-atherogenic
immune responses are … target unique characteristics of pro- or anti-inflammatory cells …

… the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis has revealed that … alter their phenotype to a pro-
or anti- inflammatory state. This… with levels of anti- atherogenic high density lipoproteins (HDL…

… necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ production. This leads to the … as pro- and anti-atherogenic
functions in developing lesions … and their function either as pro- or anti-inflammatory agents …