… for deep-brain neuromodulation, since the scattering from the brain and the absorption from
… (4) Furthermore, this second-level response time leads to a thermal diffusion length on the …

… including heart, liver, brain kidney, and muscle. The experimental … measurements were
utilized to estimate the absorption and scattering coefficient and anisotropy factor of skin, brain, …

… measured reflectance and we developed a model for the reflectance as a function of tissue
scattering properties in the absence of absorption [… it is essential that absorption is included in …

… When the measurement of a single region is sought, such as the brain, 2 muscle, 3 or
breast … The results in this section focus on how changes in absorption parameters in a two-layer …

… brain monitoring [12], the study of brain activation [13], breast imaging [14], and muscle
measurements … validated by measuring absolute absorption spectra of highly scattering media, or …

… content in breast, adipose, and muscle tissues [16–22]. … scattering in deep tissues is lower
than that of absorption [60]. Importantly the scalp-to-brain distances in the subjects measured …

… absorption than the longer-wavelength NIR-II spectrum beyond 1,100 nm. We estimated the
combined effect of scattering and absorption by calculating the brain … measurements with the …

… , most typically using cerebral or thenar muscle oxygenation. … This measures the scattering
of near-infrared light at four … , and the effort was neither measured nor controlled for in this …

… Alcohol is a substance that can impair functions such as the brain, cognition, and muscle …
resulting in the measurement of optical signals. The absorption and scattering phenomena vary …

… measurements of the scattered light after it has propagated through the tissue medium 5,6 .
Measured optical signals are translated into absorption … layer muscle and 5-layer brain model …