… unrelated factors, which have similar bias structures as the main … least one visit) or non-participation.
We included visits involving … We repeated the unadjusted and the two adjusted Cox-…

… The results showed that, after adjusting the analysis for age and gender, the sleep quality
of … Association between quality of sleep and chronic periodontitis: A case-control study in …

… with periodontitis after adjusting for age and sex. Previous … Hiraki et al., in a case control
study, used tooth loss as an … The common reasons for non-participation among the elderly were …

… The “adjusted” significance level for this analysis was equal to 0.050/6 = … case-control studies
and, if applicable, for exposed and unexposed groups in cohort and cross-sectional studies…

… T1DM had a higher adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 13.0 (95% CI = 11.1–15.2). (Sun et al …
or preferential treatment resulted for participation or nonparticipation in this study. All patients …

… This study aimed to determine whether periodontal disease … the SSS case-control status as
the outcome; all models were … Reasons for non-participation were not ascertained. Age was …

… Reasons for non-participation are presented in the study flowchart (… could not be used as a
covariate in adjusted analysis. … and severity of COVID-19 infection: a case-control study. J Clin …

… between maternal apical periodontitis (AP) and PE”. … to researchers, information bias
in case-control studies can be … potential bias involved, loss to follow-up and any nonparticipation …

… populations and ‘real-world’ settings. In case–control studies, the main areas of concern are
(a… cases), (b) potential for reviewer bias (eg data reviewer in record-based studies), (c) recall …

… , whereas studies with fewer than 5 stars are regarded to be at a high risk of bias (low-quality
studies… Although the majority of studies reported a satisfying calibration agreement between …