Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that frequently occurs in the
course of acute or chronic liver diseases. HE is triggered by a heterogeneous group of
factors such as ammonia, which is considered a main toxin in HE; hyponatremia;
proinflammatory cytokines; and benzodiazepines. Symptoms of HE mainly comprise
disturbances of cognitive and motoric function. HE in patients with liver cirrhosis is seen as
the clinical manifestation of a low-grade cerebral edema and accompanying cerebral …