The current report provides an updated review of sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress
disorder and anxiety-related disorders. First, this review provides a summary description of
the unique and overlapping clinical characteristics and physiological features of sleep
disturbance in specific DSM anxiety-related disorders. Second, this review presents
evidence of a bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbance and anxiety-related
disorders, and provides a model to explain this relationship by integrating research on …

Fig. 3 Important brain regions involved in fear, threat, and anxiety expression and
modulation. Neuroimaging research indicates that the amygdala and insula are involved in
the expression of fear, threat and anxiety. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is
more involved in the processing and expression of anxiety and fear, whereas the rostral
ACC (rACC) is more involved in their modulation. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is
involved in their modulation, especially the ventromedial PFC (vmPFC)