… reliable and current data on smoking and vaping levels that … (NNAL) have been used as
biomarkers to measure both primary and secondary exposure to cigarette smoke since TSNAs.…

… Results: Analysis of the data revealed that, as compared to … (TSNAs), some of the most
potent cancercausing agents … found that smokers had considerably higher mean urine albumin …

… to smoking cessation, and recent epidemiological data … A few studies have reported the
presence of TSNAs in the cartridge … urine to monitor exposure to different carcinogens in ENDS. …

… ]) and lower urinary excretion of mutagenic constituents after … Data analysis. The primary
objective of the study consisted of … quality of the processed tobacco and its TSNA content. NNK …

… [146] Prior to excretion, nicotine metabolizes into cotinine via … In recent years, large
datasets of urinary cotinine data have … testing of urinary levels of TSNAs such as NNAL to track …

… and altered plasma and urinary metabolites, which could … , nicotine alkaloids, tobacco
specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), … use ECs or tobacco cigarettes, who were at least 18 years old…

… limit to buy and use these products, with 18 years being the most … is excreted unchanged in
the urine within 24 h while 10% is … The use of this artificial flavour may remove the TSNAs that …

… substances like tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) leading to … widely used to quantify
exposure to tobacco include nicotine, … and excretion of nitrosamines in the urine samples13. …

… In addition, we extracted and presented data from the studies … 2) and tobacco-specific
nitrosamines (TSNA) in urine among … hypothesize that exposure to PAHs via cigarette smoke may …

… , urine is commonly used to access human exposure to … expressed as amount of biomarkers
excreted over 24-h periods… [100], data provided from the collected urine samples are …