. Introduction............................. Modelsandmethods......................... Mathematicalmodels..................... Circulation........................... Numericalapproximation.................. Simulationsperformed................... Results................................. Convergence of strains over p-re nement.......... Convergence of strains over h-re nement.......... ComparisonagainstSepranimplementation........ Activestresstimeintegrationscheme........... Discussion.............................. Conclusion............................ Appendices................................ A Detachedcirculationsimulation.................. B In ationofathick-walledsphere................ References...............................