Endophytes are microbes, including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, that live sym-biotically inside tissues of their host plants without substantively harming them ( Kaul et al. 2016; Kumar and Dubey 2020). In general, they form an association with their host plant and constitute an important part of a plant’s microbiome (Dubey et al. 2020). Among plant microbiota, endophytes can be found in most plant species, and have been recovered from various tissues such as roots, leaves, stems, flowers, fruit, and seeds (Elmagzob et al. 2019). Furthermore, it is increasingly recognized that the symbiotic interaction between host plants and endophytes can promote the growth of plants and improve the endophyte’s nutrient acquisition as well as response to stress tolerance (Ek-Ramos et al. 2019; Kaul et al. 2016; Wu et al. 2021).

The genus Fusarium is one of the top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology, and its members are capable of colonizing a wide range of environments on Earth ( Dean et al. 2012). Taxonomically, the genus includes approximately 70 well-known species, iden-tified through using a polyphasic approach, according to phylogenetic species concepts (Munkvold 2017). In general, species of Fusarium could cause several plant diseases. For example, the Fusarium redolens strain YP04 was identified as being responsible for root rot of American Ginseng (Fan et al. 2021). Another member, F. culmorum (a well-known pathogen of wheat crop) was reported to cause both blight and rot from the leaf of a black cottonwood tree (Newcombe et al. 2020). Furthermore, several reviews have paid more attention to Fusarium spp. F. graminearum and F. oxysporum (de Lamo and Takken 2020; Ghimire et al. 2020). The former is considered the predominant causal species of Fusarium head blight, which is a cereal disease resulting in reduced yields and mycotoxin contamination of the grain (Karlsson et al. 2021). Conversely, protection from tomato wilt disease conferred by the nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo47 is more effective than that conferred by avirulent strains (de Lamo et al. 2021). Despite much recent work, the isolation and identification of F. oxysporum is still incomplete and ongoing. In our previous study, the endophytic F. oxysporum strain TH15 was isolated from the calabash-shaped root of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, and its fermentation broth could