… Extracellularly, matrix vesicles coalesce with growing hydroxyapatite crystals to form
calcification nodules and calcification islands. These then enlarge, lose their outline and coalesce …

… proteins and scleritin, which appear to have been secondarily recruited for calcification
and likely derive from proteins … -related protein, carbonic anhydrases, and one hephaestin-like …

… matrix of living organisms, a process termed biomineralization, gives rise to diverse mineralized
(or calcified… the internal supporting skeleton (endoskeleton) of extant chondrichthyans is …

… endoskeleton composed of calcite, which in turn is composed of CaC03 and variable amounts
of MgC03. The developing embryo of sea urchins forms calcareous endoskeletal … matrix of …

… We identified a total of 60 proteins in the coral skeleton, 44 of which were not … protein
purification protocols carried out in this study revealed that no one method captures all proteins and …

… in invertebrates), where calcification and subsequent extracellular secretion occur [9]. The
… an endoskeleton comprised of calcium phosphate, suggesting a parallel evolutionary trend. …

… In this process, the bone forms through the sequential calcification of cartilage and bone
matrix molds [122]. At the first stage, the mesenchymal cells that originate from the paraxial or …

… The vertebrate endoskeleton is also highly likely to have evolved via the calcification of an
organic scaffold (Hirasawa & Kuratani, 2015). This hypothesis has been strengthened by the …

… as an endoskeleton of vertebrates. The collagen organization of bone matrix (essentially …
cells (osteoblast) and specific proteins (eg bone morphogenetic proteins, BMPs). During …

… At these sites, the actin ring and other proteins including talin, vinculin, paxilin and tensin …
recognizes the RGD sequence of bone matrix proteins, such as osteopontin, vitronectin and …