Prey incorporate information about risk, safety, and the reliability of both of these cues when
assessing risk of predation. Here, we report results of an experiment testing avoidance of …

Chemical and visual sources of information are used by aquatic prey during risk
assessment. Here, we test the behavioral response of littoral prey fish to combinations of …

Shoaling is an evolved behavior in fishes that has several adaptive advantages, including
allowing individuals to avoid predation through risk dilution. However, factors such as size …

Navigating risk of predation is a major driver of behavioral decision-making in small fishes.
Fish use personal information from olfactory and visual indicators of risk, and also rely upon …

The ability to accurately assess local predation risk is critical to prey individuals, as it allows
them to maximize threat-sensitive trade-offs between predator avoidance and other fitness …

Chemical alarm cues released from injured tissue are not released under any other context
and therefore reliably inform nearby prey of the presence of a predator. Laboratory and field …

An individual's behaviour patterns can be conceptualized as a series of threat‐sensitive
trade‐offs between ambient predation pressure and a suite of fitness‐related activities, such …

Prey fishes, like many organisms under fluctuating predation threat, rely on multiple sources
of information to accurately gauge current risk. This includes the use of chemical cues such …

Within aquatic communities, individuals may gain survival benefits by responding to the
chemical alarm signals of heterospecific prey guild members. Piscivorous individuals …

In a system with multiple predators, the threat‐sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis
predicts that prey respond differently to predators relative to the risks each poses (eg …