Transporters are divided into the ABC and SLC super-families, mediating the cellular efflux
and influx of various xenobiotic and endogenous substrates. Here, an extensive literature …

Humans are continuously exposed to low levels of thousands of industrial chemicals, most
of which are poorly characterised in terms of their potential toxicity. The new paradigm in …

Costs, scientific and ethical concerns related to animal tests for regulatory decision-making
have stimulated the development of alternative methods. When applying alternative …

Absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is a key factor in the bioavailability of chemicals after
oral exposure, but is frequently assumed to have a conservative value of 100% for …

In recent years, some endogenous substrates of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B
(OATP1B) have been identified and characterized as potential biomarkers to assess …

Hepatic metabolism and renal excretion constitute the main routes of xenobiotic elimination
in humans. Improving human risk assessment for threshold contaminants requires the …

Response to environmental chemicals can vary widely among individuals and between
population groups. In human health risk assessment, data on susceptibility can be utilized …

In vitro physiologically-based extraction tests (PBETs) play a key role in human risk
assessment/exposure of xenobiotics from environmental and food samples. These methods …

Increasing sophistication in methods used to account for human variability in susceptibility to
toxicants has been one of the success stories in the continuing evolution of risk assessment …

This review provides an account of recent developments arising from a database that
defined human variability in phase I metabolism (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 …