The aim of this narrative review is to consolidate knowledge on the role of the hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in depression pathophysiology at different reproductive stages …

Throughout most of their lives, women are at greater risk for depression than men.
Hormones and neurotransmitters share common pathways and receptor sites in areas of the …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) became the number one cause of disability worldwide in
2012 (World Health Organization, 2017), topping ischemic heart disease, with approximately …

Introduction: A large body of literature suggests the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-
adrenal (HPA) axis in postpartum depression (PPD). Nonetheless, these studies present …

Despite decades of research aimed at identifying the causes of postpartum depression
(PPD), PPD remains common, and the causes are poorly understood. Many have attributed …

Women's increased risk for depression during reproductive transitions suggests an
involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. This is the first systematic …

For some women, times of reproductive transition represent times of high risk for the onset or
exacerbation of depressive symptoms. In order to maintain emotional stability, the female …

Introduction Women are at two to three times greater risk for developing affective illness and
sleep impairment across their lifetime, and there is enhanced risk during reproductive events …

The transition to motherhood is characterized by some of the most pronounced endocrine
changes a woman will experience in her lifetime. Unfortunately, matrescence is also a time …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the fourth leading cause of disease burden worldwide,
and women have approximately two times the risk of onset than men. Thus understanding …