Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics by a multitude of mechanisms. A central, yet
unsolved question is how resistance evolution affects cell growth at different drug levels …

Despite our continuous improvement in understanding antibiotic resistance, the interplay
between natural selection of resistance mutations and the environment remains unclear. To …

The legacy of the use and misuse of antibiotics in recent decades has left us with a global
public health crisis: antibiotic-resistant bacteria are on the rise, making it harder to treat …

During antibiotic treatment, the evolution of bacterial pathogens is fundamentally affected by
bottlenecks and varying selection levels imposed by the drugs. Bottlenecks—that is …

Highlights•Antibiotic resistance depends on general cell physiology and can vary even
among clonal cells.•New techniques enable investigating resistance evolution in temporal or …

Antibiotic use is the main driver in the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Another
unexplored possibility is that resistance evolves coincidentally in response to other selective …

A key parameter influencing the rate and trajectory of the evolution of antibiotic resistance is
the fitness cost of resistance. Recent studies have demonstrated that antibiotic resistance …

Despite efforts from a range of disciplines, our ability to predict and combat the evolution of
antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is limited. This is because resistance evolution …

The fitness landscape represents the complex relationship between genotype or phenotype
and fitness under a given environment, the structure of which allows the explanation and …

Fitness effects of mutations depend on environmental parameters. For example, mutations
that increase fitness of bacteria at high antibiotic concentration often decrease fitness in the …