Uncertainty about a possible future threat disrupts our ability to avoid it or to mitigate its
negative impact and thus results in anxiety. Here, we focus the broad literature on the …

Although the manifestation of trauma in the body is a phenomenon well-endorsed by
clinicians and traumatized individuals, the neurobiological underpinnings of this …

Research on defensive behaviour in mammals has in recent years focused on elicited
reactions; however, organisms also make active choices when responding to danger. We …

Mental processes and their neural substrates are intimately linked to the homeostatic control
of internal bodily state. There are a set of distinct interoceptive pathways that directly and …

Tremendous progress has been made in basic neuroscience in recent decades. One area
that has been especially successful is research on how the brain detects and responds to …

Highlights•Neuroscience has ignored the natural conditions under which anti-predation
evolved.•Survival circuits underlie dynamic threat reactions and decisions-making …

Anxiety is an adaptive response that promotes harm avoidance, but at the same time
excessive anxiety constitutes the most common psychiatric complaint. Moreover, current …

Psychophysiology is a central hub connecting neurobiological and behavioral domains with
clinical science, thus providing ideal tools for increasing the understanding of mental …

The role of peripheral physiology in the experience of emotion has been debated since the
19th century following the seminal proposal by William James that somatic responses to …