Several vaccines elicit lower efficacy or impaired immune responses in rural compared to
urban settings, and in tropical low-income countries compared to high-income countries. An …

Helminthes, infections widespread in the tropics, are known to elicit a wide range of
immunomodulation characterized by dominant Th2 type immune responses, chronic …

Introduction Helminth infection may affect vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy.
Adolescents, a target population for tuberculosis booster vaccines, often have a high …

In many regions of sub-Saharan Africa, both HIV and helminth infections are prevalent. HIV-
1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) and helminth infections can both compromise …

Africa is the second most populous continent and has perennial health challenges. Of the
estimated 181 million school aged children in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), nearly half suffer …

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a
global cause of considerable morbidity and mortality [1]. One of the biggest current …

Background In countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis there is high coincident of
helminth infections that might worsen disease outcome. While Mycobacterium tuberculosis …

The protective efficacy of BCG vaccination against pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is highly
variable in different populations. The reason remains to be elucidated. This study aims to …

Helminth infections are among the neglected tropical diseases affecting billions of people
globally, predominantly in developing countries. Helminths' effects are augmented by …

Introduction Several licensed and investigational vaccines have lower efficacy, and induce
impaired immune responses, in low-income versus high-income countries and in rural …