Immune activation is the hallmark of HIV infection and plays a role in the pathogenesis of the
disease. In the context of suppressed HIV RNA replication by combination antiretroviral …

The present review covers approaches based on cytokine agonists and immune checkpoint
inhibitors that have shown promise toward therapeutic pathways for HIV remission. These …

The immune system of people living with HIV (PLWH) is persistently exposed to antigens
leading to systemic inflammation despite combination antiretroviral treatment (cART). This …

During HIV/SIV infection, the upregulation of immune checkpoint (IC) markers, programmed
cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), T cell …

In people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy, HIV latency is the major barrier to a cure.
HIV persists preferentially in CD4+ T cells expressing multiple immune checkpoint (IC) …

Immune checkpoints are several co-stimulatory and inhibitory pathways that regulate T cell
immune responses. Most of the discoveries about immune checkpoints were made in cancer …

During chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, upregulation of
inhibitory molecules contributes to effector cell dysfunction and exhaustion. This, in …

In people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART), immune dysfunction persists,
including elevated expression of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins on total and HIV-specific T …

HIV infection induces phenotypic and functional changes to CD8+ T cells defined by the
coordinated upregulation of a series of negative checkpoint receptors that eventually result …

Chronic immune activation is a hallmark of HIV infection, yet the underlying triggers of
immune activation remain unclear. Persistent antigenic stimulation during HIV infection may …