Data on the size and shape of fish schools, number, size, and species composition of
individuals included in them have been considered. The largest schools, numbering up to …

Regularities of arrangement of fish in schools have been considered. In migrating isotropic
schools, the internal structure is most ordered, the fish in them are oriented strictly parallel to …

Small pelagic fish are known to aggregate into schools and clusters of schools. It is
commonly assumed that the number of such schools and clusters, as well as their size and …

The objective of this study was to describe the organization of schools of the pelagic marine
fishes Scomber japonicus, Trachurus symmetricus, Engraulis mordax, Atherinopsis …

In pelagic fish populations, individuals of similar size assemble in schools, which can be
defined as a physical grouping of gregarious fish “mutually attracted to each other”(Shaw …

The problems and prospects of studying schooling behavior of fish have been considered.
Areas that remain little developed or have controversial and contradictory results have been …

ABSTRACT A model is presented that reproduces the frequency distribution of fish school
diameters observed acoustically in waters off southern California. The rate of change of …

All the fish in a school occupy a volume estimated as N· BL 3, where N is the number of fish
and BL is their mean body length. We present extensive data from our experiments on …

Fish schools are organized by individuals in synchronized and polarized motion (Pitcher,
1983) This creates the impression of schools as compact structures with equally spaced …

Many small pelagic fishes obligately form schools; some of these schools reach remarkable
sizes. Although the school is a fundamental and important ecological unit and is the site of …