Patient‐derived cancer cells (PDCs) and patient‐derived xenografts (PDXs) are often used
as tumor models, but have many shortcomings. PDCs not only lack diversity in terms of cell …

Cancer harbors variable heterogeneity and plasticity. Thus far, our comprehension is greatly
based on cell lines, organoids, and patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDTXs). Organoids …

Traditional 2D cell cultures do not accurately recapitulate tumor heterogeneity, and
insufficient human cell lines are available. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models more …

Cancer is a top-ranked life-threatening disease with intratumor heterogeneity. Tumor
heterogeneity is associated with metastasis, relapse, and therapy resistance. These factors …

Malignant tumors are one of the leading causes of death which impose an increasingly
heavy burden on all countries. Therefore, the establishment of research models that closely …

The recent advances in in vitro 3D culture technologies, such as organoids, have opened
new avenues for the development of novel, more physiological human cancer models. Such …

In the era of precision medicine, cancer researchers and oncologists are eagerly searching
for more realistic, cost effective, and timely tumor models to aid drug development and …

Patient-derived organoids (PDO) are a new biomedical research model that can reconstruct
phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the original tissue and are useful for research on …

Tumor models have created new avenues for personalized medicine and drug
development. A new culture model derived from a three-dimensional system, the tumor …

Preclinical models of cancer are essential for a basic understanding of cancer biology and
its translation into efficient treatment options for affected patients. Cancer cell lines and …