Iron is an essential element for numerous fundamental biologic processes, but excess iron is
toxic. Abnormalities in systemic iron balance are common in patients with chronic kidney …

Dysregulated iron homeostasis plays a central role in the development of anemia of chronic
kidney disease (CKD) and is a major contributor toward resistance to treatment with …

Iron is essential for most living organisms but iron excess can be toxic. Cellular and systemic
iron balance is therefore tightly controlled. Iron homeostasis is dysregulated in chronic …

Iron is an essential element that is indispensable for life. The delicate physiological body
iron balance is maintained by both systemic and cellular regulatory mechanisms. The iron …

Background: Regulation of body iron occurs at cellular, tissue, and systemic levels. In
healthy individuals, iron absorption and losses are minimal, creating a virtually closed …

In the past 8 years, there has been renewed interest in the role of iron in both acute kidney
injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In patients with kidney diseases, renal …

Although iron is a relatively abundant element in the universe, it is estimated that more than
2 billion people worldwide suffer from iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency results in …

Anemia is a complication that affects a majority of individuals with advanced CKD. Although
relative deficiency of erythropoietin production is the major driver of anemia in CKD, iron …

Although judicious use of intravenous iron preparations is an indispensable part of anemia
treatment in hemodialysis patients, their excessive and indiscriminate use can have …

Iron and anemia of chronic disease. Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is the most frequent
anemia found in hospitalized patients, often occurring in subjects suffering from chronic …