Substrates used to culture human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are typically 2-dimensional
(2-D) in nature, with limited ability to recapitulate in vivo-like 3-dimensional (3-D) …

Abstract Background Apparent Young's modulus (AYM), which reflects the fundamental
mechanical property of live cells measured by atomic force microscopy and is determined by …

There is a dynamic relationship between physical and biochemical signals presented in the
stem cell microenvironment to guide cell fate determination. Model systems that modulate …

Development of multicellular organisms is a highly orchestrated process, with cells
responding to factors and features present in the extracellular milieu. Changes in the …

Mechanical forces play an important role in the initial stages of embryo development; yet, the
influence of forces, particularly of tensile forces, on embryonic stem cell differentiation is still …

Three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic scaffolds are critical for tissue engineering to support
stem cell culture and organoid formation. Embryonic stem (ES) cells hold promising potential …

The physical cues presented to stem cells by the substrate on or in which they exist have
been shown to play a crucial role in regulation of their behavior. Until recently, most …

Stem cells are capable of sensing and responding to the mechanical properties of
extracellular matrixes (ECMs). It is well-known that, while osteogenesis is promoted on the …

Tissue engineering is a promising strategy to treat tissue and organ loss or damage caused
by injury or disease. During the past two decades, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have …

Matrix stiffness has been disclosed as an essential regulator of cell fate. However, it is barely
studied how the matrix stiffness affects stem cell functions when cell morphology changes …