Individual fish commonly leave the relative safety of the shoal to approach potential
predators at a distance. Not all members of a shoal are equally likely to initiate such predator …

1. Animals often differ in suites of correlated behaviours, comparable with how humans differ
in personality. Constraints on the architecture of behaviour have been invoked to explain …

The response of individual breeding three-spined sticklebacks to territorial intruders of
various species was compared with their response to a predator outside the breeding …

There have been many investigations into consistent, individual differences in behavior
(animal personalities), but rather less attention has been given to the possibility that …

The relative abundance of predatory fish at 15 sites was assessed and the reactions of
stickle-backs (Gasterosteus aculeatus) collected from these sites to a hunting pike (Esox …

Although consistent behavioural differences between individuals (ie personality variation)
are now well established in animals, these differences are not always expressed when …

Predation risk from fish and bird predators was assessed at seven Scottish Gasterosteus
aculeatus L. sites. Samples of adult male and female sticklebacks and fry from each site …

Behavioural syndromes are correlations between behaviours in different contexts. For
example, an individual's behaviour in response to a predator might be related to the same …

The boldness of individual Brachyrhaphis episcopi, collected from regions of high and low
predation, was investigated using two independent assays:(1) the time to emerge from cover …

1. There is growing interest in the causes and consequences of animal temperaments.
Temperament behaviours often have heritable components, but ecological variables can …