The effect of predation risk and male-male competition on male courtship behaviour and
attractiveness to females was studied in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) …

The shy–bold continuum is recognized as a fundamental axis of behavioral variation in
humans, but 3 major issues have not been addressed. First, the taxonomic distribution of …

In shoals of uniformly-sized golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas), a minority of
individuals who know when and where food is available can lead their naïve shoalmates to …

Theoretical analyses have reported that in most circumstances where natural selection
favours reliance on social learning, conformity (positive frequency-dependent social …

In young-of-the-year perch (Perca fluviatilis), individuals within groups differed in the degree
of boldness, estimated by habitat utilisation and feeding activity in visual contact with a …

This behaviour-genetic study concentrates on intra-specific aggressiveness in the three-
spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., forma leiura). Aggressiveness was studied …

The proximate and ultimate explanations for behavioural syndromes (correlated behaviours–
a population trait) are poorly understood, and the evolution of behavioural types …

Reproductive male threespine sticklebacks differing in size were paired against each other
in an aquarium large enough to accommodate a single territory. In these contests one male …

Individual three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) moved closer to a predatory
trout when a 'cooperator'stickleback, which the test fish could see through a one-way mirror …

By using newly hatched (approximately 2 weeks old) brown trout (Salmo trutta) from six
families of wild and six families of sea-ranched origin (seventh generation), we tested the …