Highlights•Three-spined sticklebacks slow decision making in turbid versus clear water.•A
speed-accuracy trade-off and improved accuracy were only seen in turbid water.•This …

This study explored if boldness could be used to predict social status. First, boldness was
assessed by monitoring individual zebrafish behaviour in (1) an unfamiliar barren …

There is little evidence from nature that divergent natural selection is crucial to speciation.
However, divergent selection is implicated if traits conferring adaptation to alternative …

In a shoal of four sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) individual fish had partners with
whom they repeatedly performed pairwise predator inspection visits. In six different trials, we …

Reproductive activities often increase the susceptibility of individuals to predators.
Individuals may be able to reduce this risk of predation, however, by their choice of breeding …

Theoretical models on the adaptive advantages of social learning lead to the conclusion that
copying cannot be indiscriminate and that individuals should adopt evolved behavioral …

Size-selective harvesting associated with commercial and recreational fishing practices has
been shown to alter life history traits through a phenomenon known as fishing-induced …

In many animal groups, certain individuals consistently appear at the forefront of coordinated
movements [1–4]. How such leaders emerge is poorly understood [5, 6]. Here, we show that …

Larger animal groups often provide greater protection from predators. An individual might
therefore be expected to join the larger of two groups. To test this, we hypothesized that …

Predatory behaviour in a small fish, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus
L.), has been analyzed quantitatively by continuous observation of individual fishes …