Aging has a profound effect on the immune system, and both innate and adaptive arms of
the immune system show functional decline with age. In response to infection with …

As individuals age their ability to respond and clear pathogens declines, leading to a greater
incidence and severity of infectious diseases. Additionally, the efficacy of vaccines is …

Beyond midlife, the immune system shows aging features and its defensive capability
becomes impaired, by a process known as immunosenescence that involves many changes …

The process of ageing includes molecular changes within cells and interactions between
cells, eventually resulting in age-related diseases. Although various cells (immune cells …

With increasing age, the ability of the immune system to protect against new antigenic
challenges or to control chronic infections erodes. Decline in thymic function and cumulating …

Understanding the various mechanisms that govern the development, activation,
differentiation, and functions of T cells is crucial as it could provide opportunities for …

Many countries are facing the aging of their population, and many more will face a similar
obstacle in the near future, which could be a burden to many healthcare systems. Increased …

Evidence is emerging that the process of immune aging is a mechanism leading to
autoimmunity. Over lifetime, the immune system adapts to profound changes in …

Cellular metabolism modulates effector functions in human CD4+ T (Th) cells by providing
energy and building blocks. Conversely, cellular metabolic responses are modulated by …

Throughout life, the T cell system adapts to shifting resources and demands, resulting in a
fundamentally restructured immune system in older individuals. Here we review the cellular …