The adaptive immune system has the enormous challenge to protect the host through the
generation and differentiation of pathogen‐specific short‐lived effector T cells while in …

The effects of aging on the immune system are manifest at multiple levels that include
reduced production of B and T cells in bone marrow and thymus and diminished function of …

Aging is a complex phenomenon that causes the accumulation of cellular damage, leading
to an increased incidence of major age-related diseases such as cancer …

Aging is associated with a myriad of changes including alterations in glucose metabolism,
brain function, hormonal regulation, muscle homeostasis and the immune system. Aged …

Immune aging is best known for its immune defects that increase susceptibility to infections
and reduce adaptive immune responses to vaccination. In parallel, the aged immune system …

Age is an important risk for autoimmunity, and many autoimmune diseases preferentially
occur in the second half of adulthood when immune competence has declined and thymic T …

The cells of the immune system, particularly the T lymphocytes, have two main features that
distinguish them from the cells of other tissues. They proliferate after activation and have the …

Aging is generally characterized as a gradual increase in tissue damage, which is
associated with senescence and chronic systemic inflammation and is evident in a variety of …

Aging is associated with decreased immune function that leads to increased morbidity and
mortality in the elderly. Immune senescence is accompanied by age-related changes in two …

As the thymus involutes during aging, the T‐cell pool has to be maintained by the periodic
expansion of preexisting T cells during adulthood. A conundrum is that repeated episodes of …