In the face of emerging infectious diseases caused by rapidly evolving and highly virulent
pathogens, such as influenza, we are challenged to develop innovative vaccine strategies …

Clearance of primary infection often leads to the development of highly functional memory T
cells capable of rapid and long-lasting protective immunity. By contrast, chronic infections …

Abstract Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1) plays a crucial role in immunomodulation.
Binding of PD-1 to its ligand receptors down-regulates immune responses, and published …

While many aspects of memory T‐cell immunobiology have been characterized, we suggest
that we know only a fraction of the effector functions that CD4 T cells can bring to bear during …

The commitment of naive CD8 T cells to effector or memory cell fates can occur after a single
day of antigenic stimulation even though virus-derived antigens (Ags) are still presented by …

One question that continues to challenge influenza A research is why some strains of virus
are so devastating compared to their more mild counterparts. We approached this question …

The programmed death-1 (PD-1) costimulatory receptor inhibits T and B cell responses and
plays a crucial role in peripheral tolerance. PD-1 has recently been shown to inhibit T cell …

The inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) plays a major role in functional
exhaustion of T cells during chronic infections and cancer, and recent clinical data suggest …

Inflammation induced by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns markedly
affects subsequent adaptive responses. We asked whether the adaptive immune system can …

Immune responses to viral infections involve a complex orchestration between innate
signals and adaptive responses of specific T and B cells. Anti-viral CD4 cells can direct CD8 …