Superantigens are virulence factors secreted by microorganisms that can cause various
immune diseases, such as overactivating the immune system, resulting in cytokine storms …

Full T-cell activation requires interaction between the costimulatory receptors B7-2 and
CD28. By binding CD28, bacterial superantigens elicit harmful inflammatory cytokine …

Formation of the costimulatory axis between the B7-2 and CD28 coreceptors is critical for T-
cell activation. Superantigens, Gram-positive bacterial virulence factors, cause toxic shock …

Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens are virulence factors that cause toxic shock
by hyperinducing inflammatory cytokines. Effective T-cell activation requires interaction …

Superantigens are classically defined as antigens that induce hyperactivation of the immune
system. They are traditionally associated with non-specific activation of T-cells that induces …

Superantigens secreted by the bacterial pathogen Staphyloccocus aureus are extremely
potent toxins that overstimulate the host immune system by binding to the MHC class II and T …

Two Phase I clinical trials have been conducted using PNU-214565, a recombinant fusion
protein of C242Fab and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). The initial escalating single …

Superantigens (SAg) are microbial proteins that mediate antigen-presenting cell (APC)-T
cell interaction by cross-linking MHC class II molecules with subsets of TcRVβ. SAgs are …

Superantigens represent a group of proteins that are able to activate a large number of
different T lymphocytes clones. Superantigens are potent activators of CD4+ T cells, causing …

Superantigens are a diverse collection of molecules that share the ability to activate specific
lymphocyte subsets. In animal models, many of these molecules delete T-cell populations or …