Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability
worldwide. Microglial/macrophage activation and neuroinflammation are key cellular events …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious medical and social problem worldwide. Because of
the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI, effective pharmacotherapy is still …

Activated microglia and macrophages exert dual beneficial and detrimental roles after
central nervous system injury, which are thought to be due to their polarization along a …

Mounting evidence has suggested that modulating microglia polarization from pro-
inflammatory M1 phenotype to anti-inflammatory M2 state might be a potential therapeutic …

Microglia mediated inflammation contributes to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induced
secondary injury. Activated microglia has dual functions as pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti …

Background Microglial polarization is a dynamic response to acute brain hypoxia induced by
stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, studies on the polarization of microglia in …

Increasing evidence suggests that microglial polarization plays an important role in the
pathological processes of neuroinflammation following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) …

Background Neuroinflammation is the major pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. Microglia
are activated and polarized to either the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype or anti …

Neuroinflammation is initiated in response to ischemic stroke, generally with the hallmarks of
microglial activation and collateral brain injury contributed by robust inflammatory effects …

Background Spinal cord ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury causes inflammation and
subsequently increases blood-spinal cord barrier leakage and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4) …