In the injured liver, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) secrete many different cytokines, recruit
lymphocytes, and thus participate actively in the pathogenesis of liver disease. Little is …

Background The liver is an immunologic privileged organ; liver allografts are accepted
across major histocompatibility complex barriers in many species. However, hepatocyte …

The liver has a role in T cell tolerance induction, which is mainly achieved through the
functions of tolerogenic hepatic antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and regulatory T cells …

Accumulating data suggest that hepatic tolerance, initially demonstrated by spontaneous
acceptance of liver allografts in many species, results from an immune regulatory activity …

The liver is a central immunological organ. Liver resident macrophages, Kupffer cells (KC),
but also sinusoidal endothelial cells, dendritic cells (DC) and other immune cells are …

The liver is considered to be an immune‐privileged organ that favors the induction of
tolerance. The underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Interestingly, liver …

Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a central role in the hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis.
Recently, HSCs were reported to have strong immune modulatory activities. However, the …

Connected with the intestinal tract through the portal circulation, liver sinusoids function as
the first line of defense against extrahepatic stimuli such as bacterial products and other …

Although organ transplants have been applied for decades, outcomes of somatic cell
transplants remain disappointing, presumably due to lack of appropriate supporting stromal …

Background. Organ transplantation has been successfully practiced for decades, but the
outcome of cell transplantation remains disappointing. This is the case in animal models; …