Abstract The GPi-LHb pathway is the main output of the basal ganglia suggested to shape
motivated behaviors. We show here that Sst+ GPi-LHb neurons send direct feedback to key …

The striatum is thought to play a central role in action selection and reinforcement, and
optogenetic experiments suggest differential roles for direct-and indirect-pathway medium …

Spiny projection neurons (SPNs) in dorsal striatum are often proposed as a locus of
reinforcement learning in the basal ganglia. Here, we identify and resolve a fundamental …

The basal ganglia play key roles in adaptive behaviors guided by reward and punishment.
However, despite accumulating knowledge, few studies have tested how heterogeneous …

The basal ganglia (BG) is a collection of nuclei located deep beneath the cerebral cortex
that is involved in learning and selection of rewarded actions. Here, we analyzed BG …

Extinction learning allows animals to withhold voluntary actions that are no longer related to
reward and so provides a major source of behavioral control. Although such learning is …

Goal-directed behavior is processed in the dorsomedial striatum. Using a probabilistic
reward paradigm, Nonomura et al.(2018) show that indirect pathway neurons signal when …

The dorsomedial striatum (DMS) plays a key role in action selection, but little is known about
how direct and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs and iSPNs) contribute to …

All mammals exhibit flexible decision policies that depend, at least in part, on the cortico-
basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) pathways. Yet understanding how the complex connectivity …

The basal ganglia (BG) network has been divided into interacting actor and critic
components, modulating the probabilities of different state–action combinations through …