Abstract MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) inhibits IL-12 expression and impairs the Th1 response
necessary for control of Leishmania infection. Recent studies have shown that Leishmania …

ABSTRACT CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells producing interferon gamma (IFN-γ) are critical for
the resolution of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). MicroRNA 155 (miR155) promotes CD4+ Th1 …

Interferon (IFN)-γ is indispensable in the resolution of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), while
the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 mediate susceptibility. A recent study found that …

Visceral Leishmaniasis is a chronic zoonosis and, if left untreated, can be fatal. Infected
dogs have decreased cellular immunity (Th1) and develop a potent humoral response (Th2) …

Visceral leishmaniasis in humans is a chronic and fatal disease if left untreated. Canine
leishmaniasis (CanL) is a severe public health problem because infected animals are …

Chagas disease, caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a
public health problem affecting 6 to 8 million people, mainly in Latin America. The role of …

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are∼ 22-nt small RNAs that are important regulators of
mRNA turnover and translation. Recent studies have shown the importance of the miRNA …

Leishmania major (L. major) applies several mechanisms to escape the immune system.
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-β) downregulate nitric oxide …

Group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) play critical roles in the initiation and maintenance of
type-2 immune responses, predominantly through their production of the type-2 cytokines IL …

Toxoplasma gondii is well known to infect almost all avian and mammalian species
including humans, with worldwide distribution. This protozoan parasite can cause serious …