Pain is one of the most common complaints for people seeking medical help (1). While in
most cases the underlying problem can be resolved, about 10-20% of pain becomes chronic …

Pain-as defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain-is an unpleasant
sensory and emotional experience that results from actual or potential tissue damage. It can …

The tachykinin hemokinin-1 (HK-1) is involved in immune cell development and
inflammation, but little is known about its function in pain. It acts through the NK1 tachykinin …

The Tac4 gene-derived hemokinin-1 (HK-1) is present in pain-related regions and activates
the tachykinin NK1 receptor, but with binding site and signaling pathways different from …

Until recently, the mammalian tachykinins included substance P, neurokinin A and
neurokinin B. Following the discovery of the fourth member of this family, hemokinin 1, a …

Background/Aim: The tachykinin mouse hemokinin-1, expressed by the mouse Tac4 gene,
produces either analgesia or nociception, interacting with the neurokinin 1 receptor. TAC4 …

Abstract Hemokinin-1 (HK-1), the newest tachykinin encoded by the Tac4 gene was
discovered in 2000. Its name differs from that of the other members of this peptide family due …

The tachykinin hemokinin-1 (HK-1) is involved in immunological processes, inflammation,
and pain. Although the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) is described as its main target, several …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive, demyelinating inflammatory disease of the human
central nervous system (CNS). While the primary symptoms of MS affect motor function, it is …

Abstract Kinin B 1 (B 1 R) and B 2 receptors (B 2 R) and the transient receptor potential
vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel are known to play a critical role in the peripheral neuropathy …