Background Disparity exists between men and women physicians. We aimed to examine
changes in gender disparity in the medical profession over the last two decades. The study …

Importance The persistence of inequities that disadvantage women physicians remains
empirically underexplained. Understanding the cultural factors that are associated with …

Background: Over the past twenty years explicit gender bias toward women in surgery has
been replaced by more subtle barriers, which represent indirect forms of discrimination and …

Background Women represent 15% of practicing general surgeons. Gender-based
discrimination has been implicated as discouraging women from surgery. We sought to …

Importance Mistreatment is a common experience among surgical residents and is
associated with burnout. Women have been found to experience mistreatment at higher …

Objective Many studies have analysed gender bias in academic medicine; however, no
comprehensive synthesis of the literature has been performed. We conducted a pooled …

Though overt sexism is decreasing, women now experience subtle, often unconscious,
gender bias as microaggressions. The authors sought to explore the prevalence and impact …

Importance Sex equity is elusive in academic surgery departments across the United States.
Persistent inequities remain a considerable problem and inhibit professional advancement …

Background Women are becoming doctors in greater numbers. Despite this, there is
evidence of female doctors' continued differential treatment compared to their male …

Background A gender pay gap has been reported across many professions, including
medicine. Methods Surgeons employed at complex Veterans Affairs Medical Centers …