Key tissues are dysfunctional in obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver and
other metabolic diseases. Focus has centered on individual organs as though each was …

Highlights•Organisms need to adapt to changes in metabolic demand/environmental
conditions to survive.•Those adaptations require coordinated adjustments in energy …

Mammalian cells are highly organized to optimize function. For instance, oxidative energy‐
producing processes in mitochondria are sequestered away from plasma membrane redox …

Cells metabolize nutrients through a complex metabolic and signaling network that governs
redox homeostasis. At the core of this, redox regulatory network is a mutually inhibitory …

Obesity and diabetes are caused by defects in metabolically sensitive tissues. Attention has
been paid to insulin resistance as the key relevant pathosis, with a detailed focus on signal …

Multidirectional interactions between metabolic organs in the periphery and the central
nervous system have evolved concomitantly with multicellular organisms to maintain whole …

Living organisms use a large repertoire of anabolic and catabolic reactions to maintain their
physiological body functions, many of which include oxidation and reduction of substrates …

Significance: All cellular metabolic processes are tied to the cellular redox environment.
Therefore, maintaining redox homeostasis is critically important for normal cell function …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not just a by‐product of cellular metabolic processes but
act as signalling molecules that regulate both physiological and pathophysiological …

Oxidative stress plays a key role for the development of cardiovascular, metabolic, and
neurodegenerative disease. This concept has been proven by using the approach of genetic …