During inflammatory processes, the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is activated which can
subsequently result in analgesia. For example, hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing …

This study examined the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv), intraperitoneal (ip) or
intraplantar (i. pl.) administration of ghrelin, the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone …

Growth hormone (GH) and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), in addition to metabolic and
endocrine effects, play a role in the modulation of pain and inflammation. We aimed to …

The sympathetic system (SNS) is considered to be a major component of the neurogenic
contribution to inflammation and hyperalgesia. We have investigated the role of the SNS in …

In several diseases chronic pain is associated with long-lasting pathophysiological
responses which differ strongly from those observed in acute situations. When persisting …

BACKGROUND: We examined the changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of
prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) after intraplantar …

The Tac4 gene-derived hemokinin-1 (HK-1) is present in pain-related regions and activates
the tachykinin NK1 receptor, but with binding site and signaling pathways different from …

Background Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) are a group of multifunctional proteins
that have neuroprotective roles in various experimental models. We previously reported that …

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a therapeutic approach to increase
peripheral neutrophil counts after anti-tumor therapies. Pain is the major side effect of G …

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is an important regulator of physiological functions and
behavior in stress. Analgesia is one of the characteristics of stress reaction and CRF is …