The intranasal (IN) route enables the delivery of insulin to the central nervous system in the
relative absence of systemic uptake and related peripheral side effects. Intranasally …

Insulin signaling in the brain plays a critical role in metabolic control and cognitive function.
Targeting insulinergic pathways in the central nervous system via peripheral insulin …

Intranasal insulin (INI) has been shown to modulate food intake and food-related activity in
the central nervous system in humans. Because INI increases insulin concentration in the …

The brain is a major target of circulating insulin. Enhancing central nervous insulin action
has been shown to improve memory functions in animals as well as in humans, benefitting …

Insulin is mainly known for its peripheral effects on the metabolism of glucose, fats, and
proteins. However, insulin also exerts important actions within the brain, and functions as a …

In recent years, the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged as a principle site of insulin
action. This notion is supported by studies in animals relying on intracerebroventricular …

Introduction: Growing evidence supports the concept that insulin resistance plays an
important role in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration …

Background Insulin, a pleotrophic hormone, has diverse effects in the body. Recent work
has highlighted the important role of insulin's action in the nervous system on glucose and …

Background: Compelling evidence indicates that central nervous insulin enhances learning
and memory and in particular benefits hippocampus-dependent (ie, declarative) memory …

Context Insulin action in the human brain influences eating behavior, cognition, and whole-
body metabolism. Studies investigating brain insulin rely on intranasal application. Objective …