Slow sand filters (SSFs) are widely applied to treat potable water; the removal of
contaminants (eg, particles, organic matter, and microorganism) occurs primarily in the top …

Slow sand filters (SSF) are widely used in the production of drinking water as a last barrier in
the removal of pathogens. This removal mainly depends on the 'Schmutzdecke', a biofilm …

Gravity-driven filtration through slow sand filters (SSFs) is one of the oldest methods for
producing drinking water. As water passes through a sand bed, undesired microorganisms …

Previous laboratory-scale studies to characterise the functional microbial ecology of slow
sand filters have suffered from methodological limitations that could compromise their …

Schmutzdecke, the biofilm formed on the top of the sand bed in household slow sand filters
(HSSF) is a key factor for the filters' high efficiency in removing particles and microorganisms …

Two full-scale slow sand filters (SSFs) were sampled periodically from April until November
2011 to study the spatial and temporal structures of the bacterial communities found in the …

While slow sand filters (SSFs) have produced drinking water for more than a hundred years,
understanding of their associated microbial communities is limited. In this study, bacteria in …

Bio-slow sand filters (BSSFs) are widely employed in rural drinking water treatment
ascribing to its economic applicability, easy operation and high efficiency. This study …

Slow sand filters (SSF) are widely used to treat water for potable use. The process is
dependent on the activities of complex microbial communities in the biofilm (schmutzdecke) …

Biomass was assessed as a new approach for evaluating backwashed slow sand filters
(BSF). Slow sand filtration (SSF) is a simple technology for water treatment, where biological …