Natural selection often promotes a mix of behavioural phenotypes in a population. Adaptive
variation in the propensity to take risks might explain individual differences in shyness and …

The shy–bold continuum is recognized as a fundamental axis of behavioral variation in
humans, but 3 major issues have not been addressed. First, the taxonomic distribution of …

Consistent differences in human behaviour are often explained with reference to personality
traits. Recent evidence suggests that similar traits are widespread across the entire animal …

In recent years, evidence for interindividual variation in “personality” within animal
populations has been accumulating. Personality is defined as consistency in an individual's …

Shyness and boldness has been considered a fundamental axis of human behavioural
variation. At the extreme ends of this behavioural continuum subjects vary from being bold …

Behavioural traits that co-vary across contexts or situations often reflect fundamental trade-
offs which individuals experience in different contexts (eg fitness trade-offs between …

Boldness and shyness were investigated as 'personality'traits in hatchery‐reared rainbow
trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Bold fish spent more time in an open area and were more active …

Theoreticians predict that animal 'personality'traits may be maladaptive if fixed throughout
different contexts, so the present study aimed to test whether these traits are fixed or plastic …

It is well established that animals often differ consistently from one another in their
behaviour. Most work has focused on consistent differences in average behaviour, generally …

Boldness, a measure of an individual's propensity for taking risks, is an important
determinant of fitness but is not necessarily a fixed trait. Dependent upon an individual's …