Highlights•Cytokines modulate neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis.•
Activated glia and cytokines in pain circuits contribute to chronic pain.•Neural imaging …

Introduction Amitriptyline is prescribed to reduce the intensity of chronic neuropathic pain.
There is a paucity of validated in vivo evidence in humans regarding amitriptyline's …

Neuropathic pain is often difficult to manage with pharmacotherapy but may be effectively
relieved by electric stimulation of the spinal cord (SCS). This mode of treatment has been …

The mechanisms by which a noxious or nociceptive stimulus is evoked, propagated,
integrated, and finally perceived are extremely complex. At each of these functional steps …

Chronic pain is a prevalent and debilitating condition, conveying immense human burden.
Suffering is caused not only by painful symptoms, but also through psychopathological and …

Neuropathic pain represents a major problem in clinical medicine because it causes
debilitating suffering and is largely resistant to currently available analgesics. A …

Introduction Patients with neuropathic pain have altered proteomic and neuropeptide
constituents in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compared to controls. Tonic spinal cord stimulation …

It is widely accepted that communication between the nervous and immune systems is
involved in the development of chronic pain. At each level of the nervous system, immune …