Cytokines are a heterogeneous group of polypeptides that were originally described to
mediate activation of the immune system and inflammatory responses. Most of them have …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) directly damages ascending pain pathways producing concurrent
immune cell activation/recruitment and behavioral alterations including chronic neuropathic …

This review examines recently recognized roles of immunological processes in pain
modulation and explores the potential implications of these immunologically derived …

Background Chronic neuropathic pain is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS).
MOG 35–55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been used as …

While pain is sensed and conducted by neurons, including primary sensory neurons
(nociceptors) and spinal cord pain transmission neurons, mounting evidence suggests that …

Neuropathic pain is a debilitating chronic pain condition occurring after damage in the
nervous system and is refractory to the currently available treatments. Major challenges …

Chronic pain, both inflammatory and neuropathic, is a debilitating condition in which the
pain experience persists after the painful stimulus has resolved. The efficacy of current …

Chronic pain is characterized by an impaired functional state (pain, mood, sleep, cognition,
and metabolism) affecting different brain networks relevant for pain perception and neural …

Ability to perceive physiological pain is essential in protecting the individual from tissue
destruction. In contrast, pathological chronic pain is an expression of maladaptive alterations …

Chronic pain, differently from nociceptive pain, results from a maladaptive response of the
body. Accumulating evidence shows that the mechanism of persistent pathological pain is …