The terms sex and gender often are used interchangeably, but have specific meaning when
it comes to their effects on lung disease. Ample evidence is now available that sex and …

Female sex/gender is an undercharacterized variable in studies related to lung development
and disease. Notwithstanding, many aspects of lung and sleep biology and pathobiology …

Sex differences in the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system have been widely
reported. These intrinsic sex differences have also been shown to modulate the …

Chronic lung diseases are the third leading cause of death worldwide and are increasing in
prevalence over time. Although much of our traditional understanding of health and disease …

Pulmonary diseases such as obstructive lung disease and lung cancer display a very
unfavorable trend in the near future. They belong to a class of clinical entities which show a …

There is growing epidemiologic data demonstrating sex differences with respect to
prevalence and progression of airway diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive …

There is growing evidence that a number of pulmonary diseases affect women differently
and with a greater degree of severity than men. The causes for such sex disparity is the …

Sleep has been shown in recent years to play a vital role in the health of human beings.
Disorders of sleep, particularly of abnormal ventilation during sleep, are encountered …

Sex differences in the biology of different organ systems and the influence of sex hormones
in modulating health and disease are increasingly relevant in clinical and research areas …

The economic burden of lung diseases continues to be on the rise, with increasing annual
expenditures every year. However, the pathophysiology of lung diseases remains complex …