Background: Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for several diseases, including cardiovascular
disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer, but the role of specific …

Introduction: There is overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking
causes lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and other serious diseases in smokers. In …

Previous studies indicate that cigarette smokers have a 5–30% higher white blood cell
counts (WBC) compared to non-smokers and higher red blood cell counts. Methods: This …

The paper reports levels of 24-h urine nicotine and five of its major metabolites (expressed
as nicotine-equivalents) and blood carboxyhaemoglobin as biomarkers of exposure to …

Background: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for several chronic diseases.
Epidemiological data indicate the use of smokeless tobacco (ST) is associated with …

Smoking is one of the major lifestyle factors influencing the health of human beings. Life-
long cigarette smokers have a higher prevalence of common diseases such as …

Chronic cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for many serious diseases. While complete
cessation of smoking is the best option to reduce harm from smoking, adverse impacts of …

Smoking is the number one risk factor for cancer mortality but only 15–20% of heavy
smokers develop lung cancer. It would, therefore, be of great benefit to identify those at high …

A large volume of data has accumulated on the issues of tobacco and health worldwide. The
relationship between tobacco use and health stems initially from clinical observations about …

Background: The objective of this study was to obtain baseline data on biomarkers of
exposure (BoE) and biomarkers of potential harm (BoPH) in smokers, former smokers and …